Swine influenza
Swine are a persistent source of pandemic risk, and the traffic runs in both directions: human seasonal viruses seed swine populations far more often than the reverse. We track influenza A viruses through the interconnected circuit of U.S. agricultural fairs and exhibitions, where children and pigs meet, and across the international movement of live animals that carries lineages between continents.
Featured publications
Featured publication
Tracing the Source of Influenza A Virus Zoonoses in Interconnected Circuits of Swine Exhibitions
McBride DS, Perofsky AC, Nolting JM, Nelson MI, Bowman AS
J Infect Dis 2021 224(3):458-468
Featured publication
Origins of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic in swine in Mexico
Mena I, Nelson MI, Quezada-Monroy F, Dutta J, Cortes-Fernández R, Lara-Puente JH, Castro-Peralta F, Cunha LF, Trovão NS, Lozano-Dubernard B, Rambaut A, van Bakel H, García-Sastre A
Elife 2016 5
Featured publication
Global migration of influenza A viruses in swine
Nelson MI, Viboud C, Vincent AL, Culhane MR, Detmer SE, Wentworth DE, Rambaut A, Suchard MA, Holmes EC, Lemey P
Nat Commun 2015 6:6696
Featured publication
Reverse zoonosis of influenza to swine: new perspectives on the human-animal interface
Nelson MI, Vincent AL
Trends Microbiol 2015 23(3):142-53
All publications 30
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2026
Zoonotic infections and genomic evolution of novel reassortant swine influenza A viruses in Spain
Encinas PA, O'Boyle B, Maksaiev A, Nelson MI, García-Sastre A, Del Real G
bioRxiv 2026
2025
Cross-reactivity between antibodies induced by European swine influenza vaccines and Spanish swine influenza strains
Encinas P, Nogales A, Nelson MI, García-Sastre A, Del Real G
Front Vet Sci 2025 12:1725563
Seasonal Influenza Vaccine 2021/2022 Provides Limited Cross Reactivity Against Contemporary Swine Influenza A Virus Strains in Spain
Encinas P, Lalueza-Blanco A, García-Vaquero AI, Nelson MI, García-Sastre A, Del Real G
Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2025 19(12):e70158
2024
The Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Virus at the Human–Animal Interface
Anderson TK, Medina RA, Nelson MI
In: Genetics and Evolution of Infectious Diseases (Third Edition) Tibayrenc M, ed. Elsevier 2024 ch. 22 pp. 549–572
2022
Evolution of influenza A virus in intensive and free-range swine farms in Spain
Encinas P, Del Real G, Dutta J, Khan Z, van Bakel H, Del Burgo MÁM, García-Sastre A, Nelson MI
Virus Evol 2022 7(2):veab099
2021
Featured publication
Tracing the Source of Influenza A Virus Zoonoses in Interconnected Circuits of Swine Exhibitions
McBride DS, Perofsky AC, Nolting JM, Nelson MI, Bowman AS
J Infect Dis 2021 224(3):458-468
2020
A Heterogeneous Swine Show Circuit Drives Zoonotic Transmission of Influenza A Viruses in the United States
Nelson MI, Perofsky A, McBride DS, Rambo-Martin BL, Wilson MM, Barnes JR, van Bakel H, Khan Z, Dutta J, Nolting JM, Bowman AS
J Virol 2020 94(24)
Genetic diversity of influenza A viruses circulating in pigs between winter and summer in a Minnesota live animal market
Nirmala J, Bender JB, Lynfield R, Yang M, Rene Culhane M, Nelson MI, Sreevatsan S, Torremorell M
Zoonoses Public Health 2020 67(3):243-250
When Pigs Fly: Pandemic influenza enters the 21st century
Trovão NS, Nelson MI
PLoS Pathog 2020 16(3):e1008259
2019
Human-Origin Influenza A(H3N2) Reassortant Viruses in Swine, Southeast Mexico
Nelson MI, Souza CK, Trovão NS, Diaz A, Mena I, Rovira A, Vincent AL, Torremorell M, Marthaler D, Culhane MR
Emerg Infect Dis 2019 25(4):691-700
2017
The emergence and evolution of influenza A (H1α) viruses in swine in Canada and the United States
Nelson MI, Culhane MR, Trovão NS, Patnayak DP, Halpin RA, Lin X, Shilts MH, Das SR, Detmer SE
J Gen Virol 2017 98(11):2663-2675
2016
Evolutionary Dynamics of Influenza A Viruses in US Exhibition Swine
Nelson MI, Wentworth DE, Das SR, Sreevatsan S, Killian ML, Nolting JM, Slemons RD, Bowman AS
J Infect Dis 2016 213(2):173-82
Introduction, Evolution, and Dissemination of Influenza A Viruses in Exhibition Swine in the United States during 2009 to 2013
Nelson MI, Stucker KM, Schobel SA, Trovão NS, Das SR, Dugan VG, Nelson SW, Sreevatsan S, Killian ML, Nolting JM, Wentworth DE, Bowman AS
J Virol 2016 90(23):10963-10971
Featured publication
Origins of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic in swine in Mexico
Mena I, Nelson MI, Quezada-Monroy F, Dutta J, Cortes-Fernández R, Lara-Puente JH, Castro-Peralta F, Cunha LF, Trovão NS, Lozano-Dubernard B, Rambaut A, van Bakel H, García-Sastre A
Elife 2016 5
Transmission dynamics of pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in humans and swine in backyard farms in Tumbes, Peru
Tinoco YO, Montgomery JM, Kasper MR, Nelson MI, Razuri H, Guezala MC, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Widdowson MA, Barnes J, Gilman RH, Bausch DG, Gonzalez AE
Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016 10(1):47-56
2015
Characterization of co-circulating swine influenza A viruses in North America and the identification of a novel H1 genetic clade with antigenic significance
Anderson TK, Campbell BA, Nelson MI, Lewis NS, Janas-Martindale A, Killian ML, Vincent AL
Virus Res 2015 201:24-31
Continual Reintroduction of Human Pandemic H1N1 Influenza A Viruses into Swine in the United States, 2009 to 2014
Nelson MI, Stratton J, Killian ML, Janas-Martindale A, Vincent AL
J Virol 2015 89(12):6218-26
Genome plasticity of triple-reassortant H1N1 influenza A virus during infection of vaccinated pigs
Diaz A, Enomoto S, Romagosa A, Sreevatsan S, Nelson M, Culhane M, Torremorell M
J Gen Virol 2015 96(10):2982-2993
Featured publication
Global migration of influenza A viruses in swine
Nelson MI, Viboud C, Vincent AL, Culhane MR, Detmer SE, Wentworth DE, Rambaut A, Suchard MA, Holmes EC, Lemey P
Nat Commun 2015 6:6696
Influenza A Viruses of Human Origin in Swine, Brazil
Nelson MI, Schaefer R, Gava D, Cantão ME, Ciacci-Zanella JR
Emerg Infect Dis 2015 21(8):1339-47
Novel Human-like Influenza A Viruses Circulate in Swine in Mexico and Chile
Nelson M, Culhane MR, Rovira A, Torremorell M, Guerrero P, Norambuena J
PLoS Curr 2015 7
Featured publication
Reverse zoonosis of influenza to swine: new perspectives on the human-animal interface
Nelson MI, Vincent AL
Trends Microbiol 2015 23(3):142-53
2014
Introductions and evolution of human-origin seasonal influenza a viruses in multinational swine populations
Nelson MI, Wentworth DE, Culhane MR, Vincent AL, Viboud C, LaPointe MP, Lin X, Holmes EC, Detmer SE
J Virol 2014 88(17):10110-9
2013
Genotype patterns of contemporary reassorted H3N2 virus in US swine
Kitikoon P, Nelson MI, Killian ML, Anderson TK, Koster L, Culhane MR, Vincent AL
J Gen Virol 2013 94(Pt 6):1236-41
Population dynamics of cocirculating swine influenza A viruses in the United States from 2009 to 2012
Anderson TK, Nelson MI, Kitikoon P, Swenson SL, Korslund JA, Vincent AL
Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013 7 Suppl 4(Suppl 4):42-51
2012
Characterization of an influenza A virus in Mexican swine that is related to the A/H1N1/2009 pandemic clade
Escalera-Zamudio M, Cobián-Güemes G, de los Dolores Soto-del Río M, Isa P, Sánchez-Betancourt I, Parissi-Crivelli A, Martínez-Cázares MT, Romero P, Velázquez-Salinas L, Huerta-Lozano B, Nelson M, Montero H, Vinuesa P, López S, Arias CF
Virology 2012 433(1):176-82
Evolution of novel reassortant A/H3N2 influenza viruses in North American swine and humans, 2009-2011
Nelson MI, Vincent AL, Kitikoon P, Holmes EC, Gramer MR
J Virol 2012 86(16):8872-8
Genomic reassortment of influenza A virus in North American swine, 1998-2011
Nelson MI, Detmer SE, Wentworth DE, Tan Y, Schwartzbard A, Halpin RA, Stockwell TB, Lin X, Vincent AL, Gramer MR, Holmes EC
J Gen Virol 2012 93(Pt 12):2584-2589
Global transmission of influenza viruses from humans to swine
Nelson MI, Gramer MR, Vincent AL, Holmes EC
J Gen Virol 2012 93(Pt 10):2195-2203
2011
Spatial dynamics of human-origin H1 influenza A virus in North American swine
Nelson MI, Lemey P, Tan Y, Vincent A, Lam TT, Detmer S, Viboud C, Suchard MA, Rambaut A, Holmes EC, Gramer M
PLoS Pathog 2011 7(6):e1002077
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